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The UK Government, the Law and Your Role — explainers

Every name, date and concept from Government & Law in the official handbook, written as a short, focused page with related practice questions.

All chapters · 202 Values & Principles · 25 What is the UK · 29 British History · 66 Modern Society · 45 Government & Law · 37
Government & Law

The House of Commons

650 elected MPs, the Speaker and the chamber that has the final word on the law.

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Government & Law

The House of Lords

The unelected upper chamber, the life peers, the bishops and how it can revise but rarely block legislation.

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Government & Law

The Role of the Monarch

Why the King is head of state but not head of government — and what duties he actually performs.

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Government & Law

The Role of the Prime Minister

How a Prime Minister is chosen, what they do, and the official residence at 10 Downing Street.

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Government & Law

The Cabinet

About 20 senior ministers who run the major government departments.

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Government & Law

The Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet

Why the second-largest party gets the title "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition" and a shadow team.

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Government & Law

The Civil Service

The politically impartial officials who advise ministers and run government departments.

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Government & Law

How a Bill Becomes Law

The seven stages a piece of legislation passes through before it receives Royal Assent.

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Government & Law

General Elections

How often UK general elections are held, who can vote and what happens after polling day.

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Government & Law

The Devolved Administrations

How Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland legislate on devolved matters such as health and education.

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Government & Law

Local Government in the UK

County and district councils, unitary authorities, mayors, and the services they provide.

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Government & Law

The UK Court System

From magistrates and county courts to the Crown Court and the Supreme Court.

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Government & Law

The Magistrates' Court

Where almost all criminal cases begin and where minor offences are decided.

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Government & Law

The Crown Court

Serious criminal trials with a judge and a jury of 12 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

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Government & Law

Youth Courts

How young people aged 10 to 17 are dealt with in a separate court system.

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Government & Law

The County Court

Where most civil disputes — debts, personal injury and small claims — are decided.

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Government & Law

Judges and the Judiciary

How judges are appointed, why they are independent of the government, and what they do.

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Government & Law

The Police in the UK

How the police are organised, the role of the chief constable, and the police complaints system.

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Government & Law

Being Arrested: Your Legal Rights

The right to remain silent, the right to a lawyer and the protections under PACE.

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Government & Law

How to Get Legal Help

Solicitors, barristers, the Citizens Advice Bureau and legal aid for those who cannot pay.

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Government & Law

The Human Rights Act 1998

The Act that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.

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Government & Law

The Equality Act 2010

How a single Act protects nine "protected characteristics" from discrimination at work and in services.

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Government & Law

The Right to Vote and to Stand for Election

Who can vote, who can be a candidate, and the £500 deposit for parliamentary elections.

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Government & Law

First-Past-the-Post

The voting system used in UK general elections — and how it differs from proportional alternatives.

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Government & Law

The European Court of Human Rights

The Strasbourg court — separate from the European Union — that hears cases under the European Convention.

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Government & Law

What UK Taxes Pay For

Schools, the NHS, defence, pensions and roads — the public services funded by tax.

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Government & Law

The State Opening of Parliament

A grand ceremony each year that begins a new parliamentary session with the King's Speech.

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Government & Law

Westminster, the Palace and Parliament Square

Big Ben, the Elizabeth Tower and the Gothic Revival home of the UK Parliament.

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Government & Law

The Speaker of the House of Commons

The MP elected to chair Commons debates impartially and how the role works.

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Government & Law

Question Time and Holding Government to Account

How MPs use Question Time, including PMQs every Wednesday, to scrutinise ministers.

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Government & Law

Select Committees

Cross-party groups of MPs that scrutinise the work of government departments in depth.

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Government & Law

Voting by Post and by Proxy

How to vote in a UK election if you cannot attend the polling station in person.

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Government & Law

A Tour of UK Public Services

The NHS, schools, social care, police, fire and rescue and the welfare system.

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Government & Law

The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949

How the elected House of Commons can override the unelected House of Lords on most legislation.

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Government & Law

The Main UK Political Parties

Conservative, Labour, Liberal Democrat, SNP — a quick guide to the parties you'll see on a UK ballot paper.

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Government & Law

Pressure Groups and Lobbying

How charities, trade unions and campaign groups try to influence government policy.

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Government & Law

Government in the Name of the Crown

Why the UK government is formally called "His Majesty's Government" and what that means in practice.

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